One ball on a Plinko board is unpredictable. Drop a thousand and they form a near-perfect bell curve—one of math’s most powerful ideas for 150+ years.

Despite knowing when life first appeared on Earth, scientists still do not understand how life occurred, which has important implications for the likelihood of finding life elsewhere in the universe.

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Risk-neutral probabilities adjust future outcome odds for risk to compute expected asset values. These probabilities help determine fair prices for assets, especially derivatives. Unlike real-world ...

Probability theory describes the likelihood of different outcomes or distinct results from chance processes (sometimes referred to as experiments.) The set of all the possible outcomes of an ...